Section 3

Non-Patentable Subject Matter in India: A Complete Guide to Section 3

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The grant of a patent is not an automatic entitlement that follows from novelty or inventive step alone. Before any invention can be examined on those standard criteria, it must first clear a foundational threshold: it must constitute a patentable subject matter under Indian law. The Patents Act, 1970 draws this threshold with deliberate precision […]

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The Role of the Trade Marks Registry – Structure, Functions and Jurisdiction

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Every trademark right in India passes through a single institutional gateway: the Trade Marks Registry. It is the administrative body that receives applications, conducts examination, publishes marks for opposition, grants registration, maintains the official register, and adjudicates a wide range of inter partes proceedings. Without the Registry, the statutory scheme of trademark protection under the

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Pre-Grant and Post-Grant Opposition in India

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Pre-grant and post-grant opposition proceedings under the Patents Act, 1970 constitute one of the most distinctive features of the Indian patent system. Unlike several jurisdictions that rely predominantly on post-grant administrative review or judicial revocation, India has preserved a dual opposition framework that enables scrutiny both before and after grant. This structure reflects a deliberate

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